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During the Middle Ages, after the so-called destruction of the Roman Empire

the territories formerly under the control of the Western Roman Empire fall into the Middle Ages (regression cultural and technical growth of religious fanaticism), the Roman Empire continues in the East, under the authority of Constantinople, the city founded by Emperor Constantine I "The Great" in 330, the site of the Greek village of the seventh century BC: Byzantium.

Several dynasties succeeded one another for a millennium:
- 395 (where the administrative separation of the East is finally formalized between the son of Theodosius I "The Great": Honorius in the West and Arcadius in the East)
- to 1453 (with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks) with a single interruption of 57 years after the sack of the city by the Christian crusaders in 1204:

- the Theodosian
379-457 - 457-518
the Thracians - the Justinian 518-610
- the Hércides 610-716
- the Isaurians 717-802 802-820
dynatie
off - the Amorian (or Phrygian)
820-867 - 867-1057
Macedonians - the
Comnenus 1057-1059 - the 1059-1081
Doukas - the Comnenus (continued) 1081-1185
- Angels 1185-1204
- the Lascaris (first at Nicaea and Constantinople) 1204-1261
- the Palaeologus 1259-1453.

Thus, the last Roman Emperor has not been the young Romulus Augustus who abdicated in Ravenna in 476 under the invasion of Odoacer (Skira chief ally of the Huns and Heruli) Constantine XI Palaeologus Dragases but died on the walls of Constantinople in 1453.
He concludes this title held since Augustus in 27 BC (Octavian Augustus originally called, more precisely: Gaius Octavius Thurinus at birth, Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus to his death).

parallel to the survival of the Roman Empire in the east, another nation is experiencing dramatic growth between the years 622 and 750: the Arabs. United around their new religion, Islam (which means "submission to God "... and incidentally to his prophet Muhammad), they are snatching up vast territories in the Middle East, North Africa, to Spain, the Middle East where they propagate their religion and culture, the Persians and Turks in particular.

As for the Far East, at the same time he is in the military and cultural domination of an ancient civilization: the Chinese. Two its most stable dynasties reigned in succession at the time:
- the Tang (618 to 907),
- and the Song (960 to 1279).
These two dynasties are still followed by the Mongol Yuan, descendants of Genghis Khan and then by the Chinese (Han ethnicity) Ming.

During these periods of peace, China can be counted first among the nations largest in the world: its population, roughly equal to that of Europe, but also by its innovations under the Tang and the Song in particular.