What is the Internet?
The original Internet was a system that allowed researchers to communicate and to remotely access computers available to them. It gradually became a gigantic global alliance networks computers linked together: networks of universities, companies, governmental organizations, individuals, companies offering Internet access, companies that host Web sites, etc..
How these networks are they related?
computers these networks are connected by special cables:
The computers are connected to the Internet via the phone line (technology called ADSL) or cable used to receive cable television channels. In the case of ADSL and some cables (type "coax"), a device called a modem converts digital information from the computer (a sequence of 0 and 1) with electric current flowing through the telephone lines and cables. Computers
companies are linked by Ethernet cables, also called "cable network" or "RJ45 cables. Corporate networks (called "intranets") are connected to the Internet via fiber optic cable or ADSL. Optical fibers are made of a transparent material that spreads the light: the information is transmitted as a signal optics.
hotels and cafes offer wireless Internet access, radio communications (technology called "Wi-Fi"). They are themselves connected to the Internet via fiber optic cable or ADSL.
From one continent to another, the networks are connected by submarine cables, fiber optics. For example, the link between Africa, Europe and Asia consists of a long cable of 28,000 km from Portugal for a tour of Africa and India before completing his course Malaysia.
Who pays the cost of the Internet infrastructure?
costs of installation and network management are borne by the "Internet operators," also known as the "Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These companies put in place the infrastructure and then sell connections to the Internet. The English word denoting an ISP is Internet Service Provider (ISP) or "provider".
Most telecommunications companies are also ISPs.
How the Internet works?
The Internet works by essentially "client-server" means the information stored on powerful computers ("servers") that belong general corporations, and the general public can access this information remotely from personal computers ("clients").
The computers on the network each have a unique address (eg 66.249.93.104) called "IP address" (IP stands for Internet Protocol). This address is automatically assigned by the ISP when the connection to the Internet. It works like a telephone number: This is a unique identifier that can communicate with each computer on the Internet.
A system called DNS (Domain Name System "Domain Name System) was created to match between IP addresses and names of websites. For example, "http://66.249.93.104" is equivalent to "http://www.google.fr.
There are hundreds of thousands of machines used in the DNS world. They are usually commissioned by companies that provide Internet access.
What is the Web?
The World Wide Web (the "worldwide web") or "Web" is the system for presenting material on the Internet. It relies on the use of links are called "hyperlinks".
The information presented on Web sites that consist of pages interconnected by links (often underlined words or images). The links allow one-click access to other pages on the same site or elsewhere on the Web. The transition from one page to another is called "navigation". The software that you can view these pages and surf the Web is called a "browser" (or "browser").
Some sites specialize in finding information on the Web: they are called "search engines".
Internet can not be reduced by at URL: many applications via the Internet, but are not part of the Web. These applications are eg :
e-mail ("email")
instant messaging ("chat")
internet telephony
data sharing (the "Peer-to-peer), used primarily to illegally pirate music and movies
network games
Who invented the Internet?
Internet from the network Arpanet, which was designed by U.S. researchers in the 1960s, the U.S. Department of Defense. Arpanet was extended to American universities in the 1970s, then the civilian world in the late 1980s with the emergence of the first companies to offer public Internet access.
Who invented the Web?
The Web was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, computer English, who was then working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research, located on the Franco-Swiss border). He invented the hypertext system, a set of documents related to each other to facilitate research and information sharing within CERN.
This system became operational in 1991. The first web browser (or browser), NCSA Mosaic, appeared in 1993.
Who manages Internet ?
A number of agencies are responsible for the management of the Internet:
The Internet Society (ISOC): An association of U.S. law with international vocation, founded in 1992. This nonprofit association seeks to promote the development of the Internet. It consists of members (membership is paid), which are primarily companies (Cisco, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Google, etc.).. It is the moral authority and technique most influential in the Internet world. She oversees several other entities, including the IETF.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) : Informal working group, established in 1986, and that makes most of new Internet standards (web, email, network, instant messaging, etc.).. It brings together people involved in the evolution of the Internet and are connected by Mailing Lists-mail. Everyone can register and attend meetings of the IETF.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) authority to regulate the Internet, which specifically defines extensions for web site names (". Com", ". Com,." Biz "," museum ", etc..). This international organization nonprofit is under the Ministry of Commerce. Many countries expect that the role played by ICANN is supported by the UN.
Who runs the Web?
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 to develop and promote the new Web standards (like HTML, XML, CSS, SOAP). It is managed jointly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) in Europe (located in France, in Sophia Antipolis), and Keio University in Japan.
president and founder of W3C is Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the Web.
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